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Miaino translates
{
Chalal (Gen. 49: 4), "to defile".
\
Chaneph (Jer. 3: 1), "be polluted".
\
Tumah (Ezek. 24: 13), "filthiness".
\ Tame (Gen. 34: 5), "to defile".
\ Lamad (Jer. 2: 33), "to teach".
Mnesikakeo translates
/ Gamal (Joel 3: 4), "recompense".
\ Chasab (Zech. 7: 10), "imagine".
Parapipto translates
/ Maphal (Esther 6: 10), "to let fall".
\ Maal (Ezek. 14: 13), "trespass".
/ Maal (Josh. 7: 1), "trespass".
Plemmelleo translates
{ Male (Jer. 16: 18), "to fill".
\ Shagag (Psa. 119: [118:] 67), "to go astray".
/ Abad (Deut. 7: 10), "destroy".
/ Baar (II Sam. 4: 11), "take away".
Exolothreuo translates
{
Gada (I Sam. 2: 31), "cut off".
\ Charam (Exod. 22: 20), "be utterly destroyed".
\ Charath (Gen. 17: 14), "cut off".
Krino translates
/ Din (Gen. 15: 14), "judge".
\ Shaphat (Gen. 16: 5), "judge, etc.".
The word asham is used many times in Lev. 4: and 5: For example, in Lev. 4: 13
asham is rendered "are guilty", and is used to sum up the whole verse, which is as
follows:--
"If the whole congregation of Israel SIN THROUGH IGNORANCE, and the thing
be HID FROM THE EYES of the assembly, and they have DONE SOMEWHAT
against any of the commandments of the Lord concerning things which should not be
done, AND ARE GUILTY (asham)."
Similar words come in verses 22 and 27, asham is guilt as a result of a sin of
ignorance. In Lev. 5: 2 the touching of an unclean thing, if it be hidden from a person,
renders such guilty (asham). In verse 17 come the words, "though he wist it not, yet is he
guilty", and in verse 19, "he hath certainly trespassed against the Lord". Asham is used
in Lev. 6: 4 not only for a sin of ignorance, but for positive dishonesty: "Because he
hath sinned, and is guilty (asham), he shall restore that which he took violently away."
The result, effect, and fruit of asham are indicated in the other words by which it is
translated. It gives "offence" (Ezek. 25: 12); it brings "desolation" (Ezek. 6: 6); it is
"found faulty" (Hos. 10: 2); and carries with it the element of destruction (Psa. 5: 10, 11).
The Greek renderings emphasize the character of ignorance, foolishness, pollution,
defilement, and wandering. It is possible that asham has been confounded with the verb
shammah, "to be desolate", and therefore "desolate" should be expunged from the
meaning of the word asham.
Returning to Lev. 5: and 6: we find the word continually rendered "trespass
offering", and it is the word used in Isa. 53: 10, "When thou shalt make His soul an
offering for sin". In II Kings 17: 30 we read, "The men of Hamath made (Ashima)".
This idol the Rabbins say was in the form of a goat and a man, much as the Romans