palace, a fortress, a Sanctuary of shining marble and glittering gold. And beyond it

frowns the old fortress of Baris, rebuilt by Herod, and named after his patron, Antonia.

This is the Hill of Zion. Right below us is the cleft of the Tyropoeon, and here creeps up

northwards the 'Lower City' or Acra, in the form of a crescent, widening into an almost

square 'suburb.' Across the Tyropoeon - westward, rises the 'Upper City.' If the Lower

City and suburb form the business-quarter with its markets bazaars, and streets of trades

and guilds, the 'Upper City' is that of palaces. Here, at the other end of the great bridge

which connects the Temple with the 'Upper City,' is the palace of the Maccabees; beyond

it, the Xystos, or vast colonnaded enclosure, where popular assemblies are held; then the

Palace of Ananias the High-Priest, and nearest to the Temple, 'the Council Chamber' and

public Archives. Behind it, westwards, rise, terrace upon terrace, the stately mansions of

the Upper City, till, quite in the north-west corner of the old city, we reach the Palace

which Herod had built for himself - almost a city and fortress, flanked by three high

towers, and enclosing spacious gardens. Beyond it again, and outside the city walls, both

of the first and the second, stretches all north of the city the new suburb of Bezetha. Here

on every side are gardens and villas; here passes the great northern road; out there must

they have laid hold on Simon the Cyrenian, and here must have led the way to the place

of the Crucifixion.

Changes that marked the chequered course of Israel's history had come even over the city

walls. The first and oldest - that of David and Solomon - ran round the west side of the

Upper City, then crossed south to the Pool of Siloam, and ran up east, round Ophel, till it

reached the eastern enclosure of the Temple, whence it passed in a straight line to the

point from which it had started, forming the northern boundary of the ancient city. But

although this wall still existed, there was now a marked addition to it. When the

Maccabee Jonathan finally cleared Jerusalem of the Syrian garrison that lay in Fort Acra,4

he built a wall right 'through the middle of the city,' so as to shut out the foe.5 This wall

probably ran from the western angle of the Temple southwards, to near the pool of

Siloam, following the winding course of the Tyropoeon, but on the other side of it, where

the declivity of the Upper City merged in the valle y. Another monument of the Syrian

Wars, of the Maccabees, and of Herod, was the fortress Antonia. Part of it had, probably,

been formerly occupied by what was known as Fort Acra, of such unhappy prominence

in the wars that preceded and marked the early Maccabean period. It had passed from the

Ptolemies to the Syrians, and always formed the central spot round which the fight for the

city turned. Judas Maccabee had not been able to take it. Jonathan had laid siege to it, and

built the wall, to which reference has just been made, so as to isolate its garrison. It was

at last taken by Simon, the brother and successor of Jonathan, and levelled with the

ground.6 Fort Baris, which was constructed by his successor Hyrcanus I.,7 covered a